Control Flow Statements
The GSQL Query Language includes a comprehensive set of control flow statements to empower sophisticated graph traversal and data computation: IF/ELSE
, CASE
, WHILE
, and FOREACH
.
Differences in Block Syntax
Note that any of these statements can be used as a query-body statement or as a DML-sub level statement.
If the control flow statement is at the query-body level, then its block(s) of statements are query-body statements ( queryBodyStmts ). In a queryBodyStmts block, each individual statement ends with a semicolon, so there is always a semicolon at the end.
If the control flow statement is at the DML-sub level, then its block(s) of statements are DML-sub statements ( dmlSubStmtList ). In a dmlSubStmtList block, a comma separates statements, but there is no punctuation at the end.
For more detailed general examples of the difference between query-body statements and DML-sub statements, see statement types.
IF
Statement
The IF
statement provides conditional branching: execute a block of statements ( queryBodyStmts
or dmlSubStmtList
) only if a given condition is true.
The IF
statement allows for zero or more ELSE-IF
clauses, followed by an optional ELSE
clause.
The IF
statement can be used either at the query-body level or at the DML-sub-statement level. (See the note about differences in block syntax.)
Syntax
IF
syntaxqueryBodyIfStmt := IF condition THEN queryBodyStmts
[ELSE IF condition THEN queryBodyStmts ]*
[ELSE queryBodyStmts ] END
dmlSubIfStmt := IF condition THEN dmlSubStmtList
[ELSE IF condition THEN dmlSubStmtList ]*
[ELSE dmlSubStmtList ] END
If an IF
condition is not true, then the flow proceeds to the next ELSE IF
condition.
When a true condition is encountered, its corresponding block of statements is executed, and then the IF
statement terminates (skipping any remaining ELSE-IF
or ELSE
clauses).
If an ELSE
clause is present, its block of statements are executed if none of the preceding conditions are true.
Overall, the functionality can be summarized as "execute the first block of statements whose conditional test is true."
// if then
IF x == 5 THEN y = 10; END; # y is assigned to 10 only if x is 5.
// if then else
IF x == 5 THEN y = 10; # y is 10 only if x is 5.
ELSE y = 20; END; # y is 20 only if x is NOT 5.
// if with ELSE IF
IF x == 5 THEN y = 10; # y is 10 only if x is 5.
ELSE IF x == 7 THEN y = 5; # y is 5 only if x is 7.
ELSE y = 20; END; # y is 20 only if x is NOT 5 and NOT 7.
Examples
This query counts the number of friends a person has, and optionally include coworkers in that count
CREATE QUERY count_friends_of2(VERTEX<Person> seed, BOOL include_coworkers) FOR GRAPH Friend_Net
{
SumAccum<INT> @@num_friends = 0;
start = {seed};
IF include_coworkers THEN
friends = SELECT v FROM start -((Friend | Coworker):e)- :v
ACCUM @@num_friends +=1;
ELSE
friends = SELECT v FROM start -(Friend:e)- :v
ACCUM @@num_friends +=1;
END;
PRINT @@num_friends, include_coworkers;
}
RUN QUERY count_friends_of2("person2", false)
{
"error": false,
"message": "",
"version": {
"schema": 0,
"edition": "enterprise",
"api": "v2"
},
"results": [{
"@@num_friends": 2,
"include_coworkers": false
}]
}
This query uses a more advanced activity calculation, taking into account number of posts and number of likes that a user made.
CREATE QUERY calculate_in_depth_activity(VERTEX<Person> seed) FOR GRAPH Social_Net
{
SumAccum<INT> @@number_posts = 0;
SumAccum<INT> @@number_likes = 0;
start = {seed};
result = SELECT post_vertex FROM start -(Posted>:e)- :post_vertex
ACCUM @@number_posts += 1;
result = SELECT liked_post FROM start -(Liked>:e)- :liked_post
ACCUM @@number_likes += 1;
IF @@number_posts < 2 THEN
IF @@number_likes < 1 THEN
PRINT "Not very active";
ELSE
PRINT "Semi-active";
END;
ELSE IF @@number_posts < 3 THEN
IF @@number_likes < 2 THEN
PRINT "Semi-active";
ELSE
PRINT "Active";
END;
ELSE
PRINT "Very active";
END;
}
RUN QUERY calculate_in_depth_activity("person1")
{
"error": false,
"message": "",
"version": {
"edition": "developer",
"schema": 0,
"api": "v2"
},
"results": [{"Semi-active": "Semi-active"}]
}
CASE
Statement
The CASE
statement provides conditional branching: execute a block of statements only if a given condition is true.
CASE
statements can be used as query-body statements or DML-sub-statements. (See note about differences in block syntax.)
Syntax
CASE
syntaxqueryBodyCaseStmt := CASE (WHEN condition THEN queryBodyStmts)+ [ELSE queryBodyStmts] END
| CASE expr (WHEN constant THEN queryBodyStmts)+ [ELSE queryBodyStmts] END
dmlSubCaseStmt := CASE (WHEN condition THEN dmlSubStmtList)+ [ELSE dmlSubStmtList] END
| CASE expr (WHEN constant THEN dmlSubStmtList)+ [ELSE dmlSubStmtList] END
One CASE
statement contains one or more WHEN-THEN
clauses, each WHEN
presenting one expression.
The CASE
statement may also have one ELSE
clause whose statements are executed if none of the preceding conditions are true.
There are two syntax of the CASE
statement: one equivalent to an if-else statement, and the other is structured like a switch statement.
The if-else version evaluates the boolean condition within each WHEN
clause and executes the first block of statements whose condition is true.
The optional concluding ELSE
clause is executed only if all WHEN
clause conditions are false.
The switch version evaluates the expression following the keyword WHEN
and compares its value to the expression immediately following the keyword CASE
.
These expressions do not need to be boolean; the CASE
statement compares pairs of expressions to see if their values are equal.
The first WHEN-THEN
clause to have an expression value equal to the CASE
expression value is executed; the remaining clauses are skipped. The optional ELSE
clause is executed only if no WHEN
clause expression has a value matching the CASE
value.
STRING drink = "Juice";
// CASE statement: if-else version
CASE
WHEN drink == "Juice" THEN @@calories += 50
WHEN drink == "Soda" THEN @@calories += 120
...
ELSE @@calories = 0 // Optional else-clause
END
// Since drink = "Juice", 50 will be added to calories
// CASE statement: switch version
CASE drink
WHEN "Juice" THEN @@calories += 50
WHEN "Soda" THEN @@calories += 120
...
ELSE @@calories = 0 // Optional else-clause
END
// Since drink = "Juice", 50 will be added to calories
Examples
This query tallies male and female friends of the starting vertex.
CREATE QUERY count_gender_of_friends(VERTEX<Person> seed) FOR GRAPH Social_Net{
SumAccum<INT> @@males = 0;
SumAccum<INT> @@females = 0;
SumAccum<INT> @@unknown = 0;
starting_vertex = {seed};
people = SELECT v FROM starting_vertex -(Friend:e)-:v
ACCUM
CASE v.gender
WHEN "Male" THEN @@males += 1
WHEN "Female" THEN @@females +=1
ELSE @@unknown += 1
END;
PRINT @@males, @@females, @@unknown;
}
RUN QUERY countGenderOfFriends("person4")
{
"error": false,
"message": "",
"version": {
"edition": "developer",
"schema": 0,
"api": "v2"
},
"results": [{
"@@males": 2,
"@@unknown": 0,
"@@females": 1
}]
}
This query gives each user post a rating based on the subject and how many likes it has.
CREATE QUERY rate_posts() FOR GRAPH Social_Net API("v2") {
SumAccum<INT> @rating = 0;
all_people = {Person.*};
results = SELECT v FROM all_people -(:e)- Post:v
ACCUM CASE e.type
WHEN "Posted" THEN
CASE
WHEN v.subject == "cats" THEN v.@rating += -1
WHEN v.subject == "Graphs" THEN v.@rating += 2
WHEN v.subject == "tigergraph" THEN v.@rating += 10
END
WHEN "Liked" THEN v.@rating += 3 END;
PRINT results[results.@rating];
}
GSQL > RUN QUERY rate_posts()
{
"error": false,
"message": "",
"version": {
"edition": "developer",
"schema": 0,
"api": "v2"
},
"results": [{"results": [
{
"v_id": "0",
"attributes": {"results.@rating": 11},
"v_type": "post"
},
{
"v_id": "10",
"attributes": {"results.@rating": 2},
"v_type": "post"
},
{
"v_id": "2",
"attributes": {"results.@rating": 0},
"v_type": "post"
},
{
"v_id": "4",
"attributes": {"results.@rating": 6},
"v_type": "post"
},
{
"v_id": "9",
"attributes": {"results.@rating": -1},
"v_type": "post"
},
{
"v_id": "3",
"attributes": {"results.@rating": 2},
"v_type": "post"
},
{
"v_id": "5",
"attributes": {"results.@rating": 10},
"v_type": "post"
},
{
"v_id": "7",
"attributes": {"results.@rating": 2},
"v_type": "post"
},
{
"v_id": "1",
"attributes": {"results.@rating": 10},
"v_type": "post"
},
{
"v_id": "11",
"attributes": {"results.@rating": -1},
"v_type": "post"
},
{
"v_id": "8",
"attributes": {"results.@rating": 2},
"v_type": "post"
},
{
"v_id": "6",
"attributes": {"results.@rating": 13},
"v_type": "post"
}
]}]
}
WHILE
Statement
The WHILE statement provides unbounded iteration over a block of statements. WHILE statements can be used as query-body statements or DML-sub-statements. (See the note about differences in block syntax.)
Syntax
queryBodyWhileStmt := WHILE condition [LIMIT simpleSize] DO queryBodyStmts END
dmlSubWhileStmt := WHILE condition [LIMIT simpleSize] DO dmlSubStmtList END
simpleSize := integer | varName | paramName
The WHILE
statement iterates over its body ( queryBodyStmts or dmlSubStmtList ) until the condition evaluates to false or until the iteration limit is met. A condition is any expression that evaluates to a boolean.
The condition is evaluated before each iteration. CONTINUE
statements can be used to change the control flow within the while block. BREAK
statements can be used to exit the while loop.
A WHILE
statement may have an optional LIMIT
clause.
LIMIT
clauses has a constant positive integer value or integer variable to constrain the maximum number of loop iterations.
The example below demonstrates how the LIMIT
behaves.
If a limit value is not specified, it is possible for a WHILE loop to iterate infinitely. It is the responsibility of the query author to design the condition logic so that it is guaranteed to eventually be true (or to set a limit). |
The following three WHILE
statements behave the same.
Each terminates when v.size == 0
or after 5 iterations of the loop.
WHILE v.size() !=0 LIMIT 5 DO
// Statements
END;
INT iter = 0;
WHILE (v.size() !=0) AND (iter < 5) DO
// Statements
iter = iter + 1;
END;
INT iter = 0;
WHILE v.size() !=0 DO
IF iter == 5 THEN BREAK; END;
// Statements
iter = iter + 1;
END;
Examples
Below are a number of examples that demonstrate the use of WHILE
statements.
The following query finds all vertices which are reachable from a starting seed vertex (i.e., breadth-first search)
CREATE QUERY reachable(VERTEX<Person> seed) FOR GRAPH Work_Net
{
OrAccum @visited;
reachable_vertices = {};
visited_vertices (ANY) = {seed};
// Loop terminates when all neighbors are visited
WHILE visited_vertices.size() !=0 DO
// s is all neighbors of visited_vertices which have not been visited
visited_vertices = SELECT s
FROM visited_vertices-(:e)-:s
WHERE s.@visited == FALSE
POST-ACCUM
s.@visited = true;
reachable_vertices = reachable_vertices UNION visited_vertices;
END;
PRINT reachable_vertices;
}
RUN QUERY reachable("person1")
{
"error": false,
"message": "",
"version": {
"edition": "developer",
"schema": 0,
"api": "v2"
},
"results": [{"reachableVertices": [
{
"v_id": "person3",
"attributes": {
"interestList": ["teaching"],
"skillSet": [ 6, 1, 4 ],
"skillList": [ 4, 1, 6 ],
"locationId": "jp",
"interestSet": ["teaching"],
"@visited": true,
"id": "person3"
},
"v_type": "person"
},
{
"v_id": "person9",
"attributes": {
"interestList": [ "financial", "teaching" ],
"skillSet": [ 2, 7, 4 ],
"skillList": [ 4, 7, 2 ],
"locationId": "us",
"interestSet": [ "teaching", "financial" ],
"@visited": true,
"id": "person9"
},
"v_type": "person"
},
{
"v_id": "person4",
"attributes": {
"interestList": ["football"],
"skillSet": [ 10, 1, 4 ],
"skillList": [ 4, 1, 10 ],
"locationId": "us",
"interestSet": ["football"],
"@visited": true,
"id": "person4"
},
"v_type": "person"
},
{
"v_id": "person7",
"attributes": {
"interestList": [ "art", "sport" ],
"skillSet": [ 6, 8 ],
"skillList": [ 8, 6 ],
"locationId": "us",
"interestSet": [ "sport", "art" ],
"@visited": true,
"id": "person7"
},
"v_type": "person"
},
{
"v_id": "person1",
"attributes": {
"interestList": [ "management", "financial" ],
"skillSet": [ 3, 2, 1 ],
"skillList": [ 1, 2, 3 ],
"locationId": "us",
"interestSet": [ "financial", "management" ],
"@visited": true,
"id": "person1"
},
"v_type": "person"
},
{
"v_id": "person5",
"attributes": {
"interestList": [ "sport", "financial", "engineering" ],
"skillSet": [ 5, 2, 8 ],
"skillList": [ 8, 2, 5 ],
"locationId": "can",
"interestSet": [ "engineering", "financial", "sport" ],
"@visited": true,
"id": "person5"
},
"v_type": "person"
},
{
"v_id": "person6",
"attributes": {
"interestList": [ "music", "art" ],
"skillSet": [ 10, 7 ],
"skillList": [ 7, 10 ],
"locationId": "jp",
"interestSet": [ "art", "music" ],
"@visited": true,
"id": "person6"
},
"v_type": "person"
},
{
"v_id": "person2",
"attributes": {
"interestList": ["engineering"],
"skillSet": [ 6, 5, 3, 2 ],
"skillList": [ 2, 3, 5, 6 ],
"locationId": "chn",
"interestSet": ["engineering"],
"@visited": true,
"id": "person2"
},
"v_type": "person"
},
{
"v_id": "person8",
"attributes": {
"interestList": ["management"],
"skillSet": [ 2, 5, 1 ],
"skillList": [ 1, 5, 2 ],
"locationId": "chn",
"interestSet": ["management"],
"@visited": true,
"id": "person8"
},
"v_type": "person"
},
{
"v_id": "company3",
"attributes": {
"country": "jp",
"@visited": true,
"id": "company3"
},
"v_type": "company"
},
{
"v_id": "company2",
"attributes": {
"country": "chn",
"@visited": true,
"id": "company2"
},
"v_type": "company"
},
{
"v_id": "company1",
"attributes": {
"country": "us",
"@visited": true,
"id": "company1"
},
"v_type": "company"
},
{
"v_id": "person10",
"attributes": {
"interestList": [ "football", "sport" ],
"skillSet": [3],
"skillList": [3],
"locationId": "us",
"interestSet": [ "sport", "football" ],
"@visited": true,
"id": "person10"
},
"v_type": "person"
}
]}]
}
This query finds all vertices reachable within two hops from a starting seed vertex (i.e., breadth-first search)
CREATE QUERY reachable_within_two(VERTEX<Person> seed) FOR GRAPH Work_Net
{
OrAccum @visited;
reachable_vertices = {};
visited_vertices (ANY) = {seed};
// loop terminates when all neighbors within 2-hops of the seed vertex are visited
WHILE visited_vertices.size() !=0 LIMIT 2 DO
// s is all neighbors of visited_vertices which have not been visited
visited_vertices = SELECT s
FROM visited_vertices-(:e)-:s
WHERE s.@visited == false
POST-ACCUM
s.@visited = true;
reachable_vertices = reachable_vertices UNION visited_vertices;
END;
PRINT reachable_vertices;
}
RUN QUERY reachable_within_two("person1")
[
{
"reachable_vertices": [
{
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person6",
"interest_list": [
"music",
"art"
],
"interest_set": [
"music",
"art"
],
"location_id": "jp",
"skill_list": [
7,
10
],
"skill_set": [
7,
10
]
},
"v_id": "person6",
"v_type": "Person"
},
{
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"country": "chn",
"id": "company2"
},
"v_id": "company2",
"v_type": "Company"
},
{
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"country": "us",
"id": "company1"
},
"v_id": "company1",
"v_type": "Company"
},
{
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person10",
"interest_list": [
"football",
"sport"
],
"interest_set": [
"football",
"sport"
],
"location_id": "us",
"skill_list": [
3
],
"skill_set": [
3
]
},
"v_id": "person10",
"v_type": "Person"
},
{
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person4",
"interest_list": [
"football"
],
"interest_set": [
"football"
],
"location_id": "us",
"skill_list": [
4,
1,
10
],
"skill_set": [
4,
1,
10
]
},
"v_id": "person4",
"v_type": "Person"
},
{
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person3",
"interest_list": [
"teaching"
],
"interest_set": [
"teaching"
],
"location_id": "jp",
"skill_list": [
4,
1,
6
],
"skill_set": [
4,
1,
6
]
},
"v_id": "person3",
"v_type": "Person"
},
{
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person7",
"interest_list": [
"art",
"sport"
],
"interest_set": [
"art",
"sport"
],
"location_id": "us",
"skill_list": [
8,
6
],
"skill_set": [
8,
6
]
},
"v_id": "person7",
"v_type": "Person"
},
{
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person2",
"interest_list": [
"engineering"
],
"interest_set": [
"engineering"
],
"location_id": "chn",
"skill_list": [
2,
3,
5,
6
],
"skill_set": [
2,
3,
5,
6
]
},
"v_id": "person2",
"v_type": "Person"
},
{
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person1",
"interest_list": [
"management",
"financial"
],
"interest_set": [
"management",
"financial"
],
"location_id": "us",
"skill_list": [
1,
2,
3
],
"skill_set": [
1,
2,
3
]
},
"v_id": "person1",
"v_type": "Person"
},
{
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person5",
"interest_list": [
"sport",
"financial",
"engineering"
],
"interest_set": [
"sport",
"financial",
"engineering"
],
"location_id": "can",
"skill_list": [
8,
2,
5
],
"skill_set": [
8,
2,
5
]
},
"v_id": "person5",
"v_type": "Person"
},
{
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person8",
"interest_list": [
"management"
],
"interest_set": [
"management"
],
"location_id": "chn",
"skill_list": [
1,
5,
2
],
"skill_set": [
1,
5,
2
]
},
"v_id": "person8",
"v_type": "Person"
},
{
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person9",
"interest_list": [
"financial",
"teaching"
],
"interest_set": [
"financial",
"teaching"
],
"location_id": "us",
"skill_list": [
4,
7,
2
],
"skill_set": [
4,
7,
2
]
},
"v_id": "person9",
"v_type": "Person"
}
]
}
]
FOREACH
Statement
The FOREACH
statement provides bounded iteration over a block of statements. FOREACH
statements can be used as query-body statements or DML-sub-statements.
See the note about differences in block syntax.
Syntax
FOREACH
syntaxqueryBodyForEachStmt := FOREACH forEachControl DO queryBodyStmts END
dmlSubForEachStmt := FOREACH forEachControl DO dmlSubStmtList END
forEachControl := ( iterationVar | "(" keyVar ("," valueVar)+ ")") (IN | ":") setBagExpr
| iterationVar IN RANGE "[" expr "," expr"]" ["." STEP(" expr ")"]
iterationVar := name
keyVar := name
valueVar := name
The formal syntax for forEachControl
appears can be broken down into the following cases:
-
name IN setBagExpr
-
(key, value) pair IN setBagExpr
// because it’s a Map -
name IN RANGE [ expr, expr ]
-
name IN RANGE [ expr, expr ].STEP ( expr )
Note that setBagExpr
includes container accumulators and explicit sets.
Limitations
The FOREACH
statement has the following restrictions:
-
In a DML-sub level
FOREACH
, it is never permissible to update the loop variable (the variable declared beforeIN
, e.g.,var
in “FOREACH var IN setBagExpr”). -
In a query-body level
FOREACH
, in most cases it is not permissible to update the loop variable. The following exceptions apply:-
If the iteration is over a
ListAccum
, its values can be updated. -
If the iteration is over a
MapAccum
, its values can be updated, but its keys cannot.
-
-
If the iteration is over a set of vertices, it is not permissible to access (read or write) their vertex-attached accumulators.
-
A query-body-level
FOREACH
cannot iterate over a set or bag of constants. For example,FOREACH
i in (1,2,3) is not supported. However, DML-subFOREACH
does support this.
FOREACH … IN RANGE
The FOREACH
statement has an optional RANGE
clause RANGE[expr, expr]
, which can be used to define the iteration collection.
Optionally, the range may specify a step size:
RANGE[expr, expr].STEP(expr)
Each expr
must evaluate to an integer.
Any of the integers may be negative, but the step expr
may not be 0.
The clause RANGE[a,b].STEP(c)
produces the sequence of integers from a
to b
, inclusive, with step size c
.
That is,
\((a, a+c, a+2*c, a+3*c, ... a+k*c)\), where k = the largest integer such that \(|k*c| ≤ |b-a|\).
If the .STEP
method is not given, then the step size c = 1.
FOREACH IN RANGE
with MapAccumCREATE QUERY foreach_range_ex() FOR GRAPH Social_Net {
ListAccum<INT> @@t;
Start = {Person.*};
FOREACH i IN RANGE[0, 2] DO
@@t += i;
L = SELECT Start
FROM Start
WHERE Start.id == "person1"
ACCUM
FOREACH j IN RANGE[0, i] DO
@@t += j
END;
END;
PRINT @@t;
}
GSQL > RUN QUERY foreach_range_ex()
{
"error": false,
"message": "",
"version": {
"edition": "developer",
"schema": 0,
"api": "v2"
},
"results": [{"@@t": [ 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 0, 1, 2 ]}]
}
The following FOREACH
statement uses a specified step value for iterating through the range.
CREATE QUERY foreach_range_step(INT a, INT b, INT c) FOR GRAPH Minimal_Net {
ListAccum<INT> @@t;
FOREACH i IN RANGE[a,b].step(c) DO
@@t += i;
END;
PRINT @@t;
}
The step value can be positive for an ascending range or negative for a descending range. If the step has the wrong polarity, then the loop has zero iterations; that is, the exit condition is already satisfied.
RUN QUERY foreach_range_step(100,0,-9)
{
"error": false,
"message": "",
"version": {
"schema": 0,
"edition": "enterprise",
"api": "v2"
},
"results": [{"@@t": [
100,
91,
82,
73,
64,
55,
46,
37,
28,
19,
10,
1
]}]
}
Query-body-level FOREACH Examples
This query counts the number of companies whose country matches the provided string.
CREATE QUERY company_count(STRING country_name) FOR GRAPH Work_Net {
ListAccum<STRING> @@company_list;
INT country_count;
start = {ANY};
// Select all vertices with type "Company", and append country attribute from all company vertices to list accum
s = SELECT v FROM start:v
WHERE v.type == "Company"
ACCUM @@company_list += v.country;
// Iterate the ListAccum and compare each element to the country_name parameter
FOREACH item in @@company_list DO
IF item == country_name THEN
country_count = country_count + 1;
END;
END;
PRINT country_count;
}
RUN QUERY company_count("us")
{
"error": false,
"message": "",
"version": {
"schema": 0,
"edition": "enterprise",
"api": "v2"
},
"results": [{"country_count": 2}]
}
This query counts the number of employees from a given country and list their IDs.
CREATE QUERY employee_by_country(STRING country_name) FOR GRAPH Work_Net {
MapAccum <STRING, ListAccum<STRING>> @@employees;
// Start will have a set of all person type vertices
start = {Person.*};
// Build a map using person location_id as a key and a list of strings to hold multiple person ids
s = SELECT v FROM start:v
ACCUM @@employees += (v.location_id -> v.id);
// Iterate the map using (key,value) pairs
FOREACH (key,val) IN @@employees DO
IF key == country_name THEN
PRINT val.size();
// Nested foreach to iterate over the list of person ids
FOREACH employee in val DO
PRINT employee;
END;
// MapAccum keys are unique so we can BREAK out of the loop
BREAK;
END;
END;
}
RUN QUERY employee_by_country("us")
{
"error": false,
"message": "",
"version": {
"schema": 0,
"edition": "enterprise",
"api": "v2"
},
"results": [
{"val.size()": 5},
{"employee": "person7"},
{"employee": "person1"},
{"employee": "person4"},
{"employee": "person9"},
{"employee": "person10"}
]
}
DML-sub FOREACH Examples
This query shows post topics liked by users and show total likes per topic.
CREATE QUERY topic_likes() FOR GRAPH Social_Net {
SetAccum<STRING> @@person_osts;
SumAccum<INT> @post_likes;
MapAccum<STRING,INT> @@likes_by_topic;
start = {Person.*};
// Find all user posts and generate a set of post topics
// (set has no duplicates)
posts = SELECT g FROM start - (Posted>) - :g
ACCUM @@person_posts += g.subject;
// Use set of topics to increment how many times a specific
// post is liked by other users
liked_posts = SELECT f FROM start - (Liked>) - :f
ACCUM FOREACH x in @@person_posts DO
CASE WHEN (f.subject == x) THEN
f.@post_likes += 1
END
END
// Aggregate all liked totals by topic
POST-ACCUM @@likes_by_topic += (f.subject -> f.@post_likes);
// Display the number of likes per topic
PRINT @@likes_by_topic;
}
GSQL > RUN QUERY topic_likes()
{
"error": false,
"message": "",
"version": {
"edition": "developer",
"schema": 0,
"api": "v2"
},
"results": [{"@@likesByTopic": {
"cats": 3,
"coffee": 2,
"Graphs": 3,
"tigergraph": 1
}}]
}
This query shows a summary of the number of friends all persons have by gender.
CREATE QUERY friend_gender() FOR GRAPH Social_Net {
ListAccum<STRING> @friend_gender;
SumAccum<INT> @@male_gender_count;
SumAccum<INT> @@female_gender_count;
start = {Person.*};
// Record a list showing each friend's gender
social_members = SELECT s FROM start:s -(Friend)- :g
ACCUM s.@friend_gender += (g.gender)
// Loop over each list of genders and total them
POST-ACCUM
FOREACH a in s.@friend_gender DO
CASE WHEN (a == "Male") THEN
@@male_gender_count += 1
ELSE
@@female_gender_count += 1
END
END;
PRINT @@male_gender_count;
PRINT @@female_gender_count;
}
GSQL > RUN QUERY friend_gender()
{
"error": false,
"message": "",
"version": {
"edition": "developer",
"schema": 0,
"api": "v2"
},
"results": [
{"@@maleGenderCount": 11},
{"@@femaleGenderCount": 7}
]
}
CONTINUE
and BREAK
Statements
The CONTINUE
and BREAK
statements can only be used within a block of a WHILE
or FOREACH
statement.
The CONTINUE
statement branches control flow to the end of the loop, skipping any remaining statements in the current iteration, and proceeding to the next iteration.
That is, everything in the loop block after the CONTINUE
statement will be skipped, and then the loop will continue as normal.
The BREAK
statement branches control flow out of the loop, i.e., it will exit the loop and stop iteration.
Examples
Below are a number of examples that demonstrate the use of BREAK
and CONTINUE
.
// While loop with continue statement
INT i = 0;
INT nCount = 0;
WHILE i < 10 DO
i = i + 1;
IF (i % 2 == 0) { CONTINUE; }
nCount = nCount + 1;
END;
// i is 10, nCount is 5 (skips the increment for every even i).
// While loop with a break statement
i = 0;
WHILE i < 10 DO
IF (i == 5) { BREAK; } # When i is 5 the loop is exited
i = i + 1;
END;
// i is now 5
This query finds posts of a given person, and post of friends of that person, friends of friends, etc. until a post about cats is found. The number of friend-hops to reach is the 'degree' of cats.
CREATE QUERY find_degree_of_cats(VERTEX<Person> seed) FOR GRAPH Social_Net
{
SumAccum<INT> @@degree = 0;
OrAccum @@found_cat_post = FALSE;
OrAccum @visited = FALSE;
friends (ANY) = {seed};
WHILE @@found_cat_post != true AND friends.size() > 0 DO
posts = SELECT v FROM friends-(Posted>:e)-:v
ACCUM CASE WHEN v.subject == "cats" THEN
@@found_cat_post += true
END;
IF @@found_cat_post THEN
BREAK;
END;
friends = SELECT v FROM friends-(Friend:e)-:v
WHERE v.@visited == false
ACCUM v.@visited = true;
@@degree += 1;
END;
PRINT @@degree;
}
RUN QUERY find_degree_of_cats("person2")
{
"error": false,
"message": "",
"version": {
"schema": 0,
"edition": "enterprise",
"api": "v2"
},
"results": [{"@@degree": 2}]
}
This query finds all 3-hop friends of a starting vertex. Count coworkers as friends if there are not enough friends
CREATE QUERY find_enough_friends(VERTEX<Person> seed) FOR GRAPH Friend_Net
{
// Keep track of the distance from the seed
SumAccum<INT> @@distance = 0;
OrAccum @visited = false;
visited_vertices = {seed};
WHILE true LIMIT 3 DO
@@distance += 1;
// Traverse from visited_vertices to its friends
friends = SELECT v
FROM visited_vertices -(Friend:e)- :v
WHERE v.@visited == false
POST-ACCUM v.@visited = true;
PRINT @@distance, friends;
// If number of friends at this level is sufficient, finish this iteration
IF visited_vertices.size() >= 2 THEN
visited_vertices = friends;
CONTINUE;
END;
// If fewer than 4 friends, add in coworkers
coworkers = SELECT v
FROM visited_vertices -(Coworker:e)- :v
WHERE v.@visited == false
POST-ACCUM v.@visited = true;
visited_vertices = friends UNION coworkers;
PRINT @@distance, coworkers;
END;
}
RUN QUERY find_enough_friends("person1")
{
"error": false,
"message": "",
"version": {
"schema": 0,
"edition": "enterprise",
"api": "v2"
},
"results": [
{
"@@distance": 1,
"friends": [
{
"v_id": "person4",
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person4"
},
"v_type": "Person"
},
{
"v_id": "person2",
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person2"
},
"v_type": "Person"
},
{
"v_id": "person3",
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person3"
},
"v_type": "Person"
}
]
},
{
"coworkers": [
{
"v_id": "person5",
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person5"
},
"v_type": "Person"
},
{
"v_id": "person6",
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person6"
},
"v_type": "Person"
}
],
"@@distance": 1
},
{
"@@distance": 2,
"friends": [
{
"v_id": "person1",
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person1"
},
"v_type": "Person"
},
{
"v_id": "person8",
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person8"
},
"v_type": "Person"
},
{
"v_id": "person9",
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person9"
},
"v_type": "Person"
}
]
},
{
"@@distance": 3,
"friends": [
{
"v_id": "person7",
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person7"
},
"v_type": "Person"
},
{
"v_id": "person10",
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person10"
},
"v_type": "Person"
},
{
"v_id": "person12",
"attributes": {
"@visited": true,
"id": "person12"
},
"v_type": "Person"
}
]
}
]
}